Databases, Systems & Networks

L’organisation de votre répertoire personnel ou même de votre système peut être particulièrement difficile si vous avez l’habitude de télécharger toutes sortes de choses sur Internet.

Souvent, vous constaterez que vous avez téléchargé le même mp3, pdf, epub (et toutes sortes d’autres extensions de fichiers) et que vous l’avez copié dans différents répertoires. Cela peut encombrer vos répertoires de toutes sortes de choses dupliquées inutiles.

Dans ce didacticiel, vous allez apprendre à rechercher et à supprimer des fichiers en double sous Linux à l’aide des outils de ligne de commande rdfind et fdupes, ainsi qu’à l’aide d’outils d’interface graphique appelés DupeGuru et FSlint.

Une note de prudence – faites toujours attention à ce que vous supprimez sur votre système car cela peut entraîner une perte de données indésirable. Si vous utilisez un nouvel outil, essayez-le d’abord dans un répertoire de test où la suppression de fichiers ne posera pas de problème.

Rdfind – Trouve les fichiers en double sous Linux

Rdfind provient de la recherche de données redondantes. C’est un outil gratuit utilisé pour trouver des fichiers en double dans ou dans plusieurs répertoires. Il utilise la somme de contrôle et trouve les doublons basés sur le fichier contient non seulement des noms. Lire la suite…

weather-forecast-command-line-finger-graph

Checking weather: purpose of the command

There’s no shortage of methods to retrieve a weather report, the web is full of weather resources, everyones iPhone, Apple Watch, and smartphone has a weather app, Siri can tell you the weather, and you can even get the current weather in the menu bar of OS X or from Spotlight on the Mac too.

But for command line users, none of those options are particularly ideal, since it means leaving the command line and the task at hand.

Thanks to an interesting usage of the finger utility, you can quickly retrieve a weather report and weather forecast for virtually any city in the world, right from the command line.

With this trick you’ll see the temperature forecast (in celsius) for the day, wind direction and wind speed, precipitation and precipitation type (rain, showers, sleet, snow, etc), depth of precipitation, and more. This works with any command line that has the finger tool, whether you’re in Mac OS X, linux, BSD, Windows, it doesn’t matter, it will work the same.

To try this out yourself on the Mac, launch the OS X Terminal found in /Applications/Utilities/ and type the following command syntax:

finger (city name)@graph.no

For example, to get the weather forecast for Montreal Canada, you would use the following syntax at the command line:

finger [email protected]

Lire la suite…

Remote Linux Commands

You would like to execute a command on a remote Linux/FreeBSD/Solaris/UNIX host and have the result displayed locally. Once result obtained it can be used by local script or program. A few examples:
=> File system and disk information

=> Get user information

=> Find out all running process

=> Find out if particular service is running or not etc

You can use rsh or ssh for this purpose. However, for security reason you should always use the ssh and NOT rsh. Please note that remote system must run the OpenSSH server.

Syntax for running command on a remote host:
ssh [USER-NAME]@[REMOTE-HOST] [command or script]

Where,

• ssh: ssh (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine.
• USER-NAME: Remote host user name.
• REMOTE-HOST: Remote host ip-address or host name, such as my-site.com.
• command or script: Command or shell script is executed on the remote host instead of a login shell.

Examples

(A) Get disk information from a server called my-site.com:
$ ssh [email protected] df -h

(B) List what ports are open on remote host
$ ssh [email protected] netstat -vatn

(C) Reboot remote host:
$ ssh [email protected] reboot

(D) Restart mysql server (please note enclosed multiple command line arguments using a single or double quotes)
$ ssh [email protected] '/etc/init.d/mysql restart'

(E) Get memory information and store result/output to local file /tmp/memory.status:
$ ssh [email protected] 'free -m' > /tmp/memory.status

(G) You can also run multiple command or use the pipes, following command displays memory in format of « available memory = used free memory » :
$ ssh [email protected] free -m | grep "Mem:" | awk '{ print "Total memory (used free): " $3 " " $4 " = " $2 }'

See how to configure ssh for password less login using public key based authentication.

=> Related: shell script to get uptime, disk usage, cpu usage, RAM usage, system load, etc. from multiple Linux servers and output the information on a single server in a html format.

Source: NixCraft

How It Works

Anyone who has gone through the trouble of setting up a secure website knows what a hassle getting and maintaining a certificate can be. Let’s Encrypt automates away the pain and lets site operators turn on and manage HTTPS with simple commands.

No validation emails, no complicated configuration editing, no expired certificates breaking your website. And of course, because Let’s Encrypt provides certificates for free, no need to arrange payment.

This page describes how to carry out the most common certificate management functions using the Let’s Encrypt client. You’re welcome to use any compatible client, but we only provide instructions for using the client that we provide.

If you’d like to know more about how this works behind the scenes, check out our technical overview.

Installing Let’s Encrypt

Note: Let’s Encrypt is in beta. Please don’t use it unless you’re comfortable with beta software that may contain bugs.

If your operating system includes a packaged copy of letsencrypt, install it from there and use the letsencrypt command. Otherwise, you can use our letsencrypt-auto wrapper script to get a copy quickly:

$ git clone https://github.com/letsencrypt/letsencrypt
$ cd letsencrypt
$ ./letsencrypt-auto --help

letsencrypt-auto accepts the same flags as letsencrypt; it installs all of its own dependencies and updates the client code automatically (but it’s comparatively slow and large in order to achieve that).

How To Use The Client

The Let’s Encrypt client supports a number of different “plugins” that can be used to obtain and/or install certificates. A few examples of the options are included below:

If you’re running Apache on a recent Debian-based OS, you can try the Apache plugin, which automates both obtaining and installing certs:

./letsencrypt-auto --apache

On other platforms automatic installation is not yet available, so you will have to use the certonly command. Here are some examples:

To obtain a cert using a “standalone” webserver (you may need to temporarily stop your exising webserver) for example.com and www.example.com:

./letsencrypt-auto certonly --standalone -d example.com -d www.example.com

To obtain a cert using the “webroot” plugin, which can work with the webroot directory of any webserver software:

./letsencrypt-auto certonly --webroot -w /var/www/example -d example.com -d www.example.com -w /var/www/thing -d thing.is -d m.thing.is

The this will obtain a single cert for example.com, www.example.com, thing.is, and m.thing.is; it will place files below /var/www/example to prove control of the first two domains, and under /var/www/thing for the second pair.

Lire la suite…

SSH Tunneling – Get Through Your Firewall to Other Ports

Typical Scenario is that only the ssh port (tcp/22) and http (tcp/80) are allowed into a machine. All other traffic is blocked.

Do you have a server on the other side of a firewall that you can ssh to, but to which you cannot reach on other ports. Let’s imagine, for example, that your server has ports 80/tcp and 22/tcp open, but you want to be able to get to your database port (3306/tcp) or your vnc port (5901/tcp) which are blocked by the firewall. Grr. What can you do? Use ssh tunneling, of course.

SSH Tunneling is Similar to VPN

Ssh allows you to tunnel traffic to other ports through the firewall using your ssh Connection

Ssh allows you to tunnel your communication to other ports and services on your server through your ssh connection to the server.  This means that traffic that would normally be blocked by your firewall or iptables can now reach its destination.  This of course, all assumes that you have a login to the server and are able to ssh to it from your network or internet location.

SSH Tunneling Uses a Local Port

The idea behind ssh tunneling is that you know which port(s) you want to access on the server and that you also setup a local port on your workstation for you to connect to on your side of the tunnel.  When using SSH Tunneling, you will direct your client applications, in this example case MySQL Workbench and VNC Viewer, to the local ports on your workstation which you configured in your ssh client.  SSH will then transport the traffic to the local port through its tunnel to the server port you are hoping to reach.

Ssh Command Line (CLI) Port Configuration

When using ssh from the command line in a linux, unix, OSX or other command line environment, you will use the -L option to map local ports to remote ports on the server.  In the example below, Mary is logging in to server1.uptimemadeeasy.com with ssh and is mapping local port 8675 on her workstation to the MySQL port (tcp/3306) on the server.  Note that the name localhost is in reference to server1.uptimemadeeasy.com.

ssh -l mary server1.uptimemadeeasy.com -L 8675:localhost:3306

Mary will then supply the password when requested and she will notice with netstat -an that port 8675 on her local workstation is now being used.  She can then point her MySQL Workbench client at her local machine (localhost) port 8675.  Her traffic to her local port 8675 will then be transported through her ssh tunnel to the server port 3306.
Mary can now verify that her local port (8675) is listening locally using netstat:

$ netstat -an | grep 8675
TCP 127.0.0.1:8675 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING
TCP [::1]:8675 [::]:0 LISTENING

We get output telling us that the local workstation is now listening on port 8675 on both ipv4 and ipv6. Lire la suite…