Every now and then I find myself in a situation where I have a folder (I’ll call it source) of files and nested folders, possibly many levels deep, that I want to copy into another folder (which I’ll call target). target already contains some of the files and folders I’m copying, and it also has files and folders that are not present in source.
Simply copying source to target’s parent folder in the Mac OS X Finder will replace everything in target with the contents of source. This is not always what I want, and in my opinion it’s one of the biggest flaws of the Mac OS X Finder. Not just Mac OS X actually – back in the pre-Mac OS X days there was a utility called Speed Doubler that patched the Finder to add a smart replace option when copying files.
It’s possible to manually open each folder and their subfolders and copy just the files, but it can be very tedious. There are also third party software options that let you merge files when copying, and if you have Apple’s Developer Tools installed there is the FileMerge utility.
However, you can open a Terminal window and copy the files from the command line, which saves you from installing extra software. Since I keep looking up the syntax every time I need to do this I decided to document it here for future reference.
cp
One command line utility that can copy directories without replacing everything in them is cp:
cp -pRv source/ target
The pRv options do the following:
p preserves timestamps, flags, modes, and ownerships of filesR copies the entire subtreev makes cp output the name of each file that is copied
Note: The / after the name of the source directory is important since it tells cp to copy the contents of the directory and not the directory itself.
rsync
You can also use rsync:
rsync -av source/ target
The av options do this:
a tells rsync to copy recursively and preserve file attributesv makes rsync print information to the terminal window about what was copied
Just as with the cp command, the trailing slash after the source directory is important to make sure only the contents of the directory are copied.
ditto
A third option is ditto:
ditto -V source target
The V option prints information about what was copied.
Deleting files that don’t exist in the source directory
Sometimes you want a merge to delete files that exist in the target directory but not in the source directory. That’s easy with rsync (but be careful as there is no undo):
rsync -av --delete source/ target
But wait! What if the target is under version control? Won’t that delete any .svn or .git directories as well? Yep. That can be avoided by adding filters. Let’s say you want to keep all .htaccess and .svn files or directories in the target directory. This does just that:
rsync -av --delete --filter="- .htaccess" --filter="- .svn" source/ target
A useful tip when you involve delete is to add the n option at first to do a “dry run” and only show what would have been deleted. Again, be careful with delete since there is no undo.
Hoping for Finder integration
It would be great if Apple could make it possible to use the Finder to copy folders like this. It could be a secret option somewhere or invoked when you hold certain modifier keys when copying. It doesn’t matter as long as it’s possible.
Most people probably don’t need this feature every day, but when you do need it it can save lots of time. Having the feature built into the Finder would also reduce the risk of people accidentally deleting files because they don’t realise copying folders replaces everything inside them.
Munin est un outil de surveillance basé sur le célèbre RRDTool, permettant de connaître toutes les données systèmes des autres ordinateurs du réseau. Il les présente automatiquement sous forme de graphiques consultables depuis une page web. Par ailleurs, il dispose d’un système de plugins qui le rend simple d’utilisation et très modulaire.